Bufonidae |  |
646 species in 53 genera
Commonly Called True Toads
Bufo bufo
Photo by Arie van der Meijden
(Click for family gallery)This is a large and complicated assemblage. The family Bufonidae is composed of 52 genera with a worldwide distribution, except for Australia. The only bufonid in Australia is the introduced Cane Toad (Rhinella marinus), which has become a pest and danger to local wildlife, due to its voracious appetite, large size, high fecundity, and high toxicity (it has pronounced negative effects on native Australian snakes).
This family includes the stereotypical "toad" with shortened forelimbs, hindlimbs used for walking or hopping, dry warty skin, and parotoid glands behind large eyes. Development in this group is quite varied; there are species that lay eggs in water and produce aquatic larvae, terrestrial direct developers, and the only known viviparous species of frogs, Nectophrynoides and Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis, which give birth to fully developed young toadlets.
Bufonids have potent skin toxins, some concentrated in the prominent parotoid gland behind the eyes, and can be fatal to predators when ingested. However, there is evidence for powerful potential pharmaceutical uses of these bufonid compounds, from both folk medicinal practices and in scientific research in cancer and pain treatment.
Some genera, like members of Atelopus, lack a tympanum and the middle ear column, making them "earless" but nonetheless sensitive to high frequency sounds (Womack et al 2018), leaving many questions about their physiology and evolution.
Some toad species are believed to be extinct, including the famous Golden Toad (Incilius periglenes) of Costa Rica, which was last documented in 1989. Other species listed as Extinct by IUCN include Atelopus longirostris and Atelopus vogli.
This specious group has been subject to many phylogenetic studies over the years, some taking a comprehensive anuran approach or others focusing on regional or specific clades in attempts to propose a supported monophyletic taxonomy for bufonids. However, the diversity of over 600 species of bufonids have been a challenge to find stable consensus.
News Highlights:February 28, 2022: Harlequin toads (Atelopus) are renowned for their toxicity, but how much is really known about their chemical defense strategies and characteristics? Pearson and Tarvin (2022) review Atelopus chemical defense literature and find that only 16 of the 100 known species have been assessed for toxins. Furthermore, South American species – which make up the vast majority of Atelopus diversity – have received disproportionately little investigation relative to Central American species. Surveyed Atelopus possess individual toxins (chiriquitoxin and zetekitoxin) and toxin combinations found nowhere else in nature, and the authors suggest that the genus contains further unidentified toxin diversity that – in the face of catastrophic population declines – may be lost to science. The authors also trace the development of toxin detection and quantification methods applied to Atelopus, noting impacts of historical methodological limitations on chemical defense data and identifying promising techniques for future studies. Lastly, given the limited information available regarding Atelopus predators, they speculate about possible immunological and ecological roles of Atelopus toxins. Time to study many harlequin toad species may be limited, but Pearson and Tarvin make the case for continued chemical defense research on this genus. (Kannon Pearson)
February 15, 2021: The mystery of anuran middle ear loss has new insights! Most frogs have a tympanic membrane and middle ear column (the columella) that help them hear airborne sound. Despite being well known for their calls, many frogs and toads are “earless”, lacking the tympanic membrane and columella. The factors contributing to more than 38 evolutionary losses of the anuran ear remain unknown. Recently, Stynoski et al. 2020 raised and examined two earless toad species and two closely-related eared toad species. To their surprise, they found the middle ear column started to develop right on-time in both eared and earless species! However, in earless species, the middle ear column abruptly arrests development and remains either stagnant and very small or is completely resorbed. This means that the genetic and developmental mechanisms that initiate middle ear differentiation are intact in earless species but perhaps changes in timing or expression of biochemical pathways that regulate the extension or differentiation of the columella after metamorphosis underlie convergent trait loss among toad lineages. Earless frogs are helping biologists understand the evolutionary and developmental mechanisms of trait loss; this discovery of developmental ear remnants further shows that lost traits are often not lost entirely. Their findings join many other studies that have found developmental remnants of lost traits, recently reviewed by Sadier et al. 2021. Studying development reveals key insights into evolutionary processes and this is certainly the case with earless frogs. (DW)
Written by AmphibiaWebNotable Family Characteristics
- Occurs in a variety of habitats, from deserts to tropical rainforests
- Reproductive modes vary from egg-laying in water bodies which hatch into free-living tadpoles to direct development to ovoviparity to viviparity
- Some species display sexual dimorphism (such as larger females) or sexual dichromatism (such as more colorful males during breeding season)
- Characters shared within the family are: 1) Bidder's organ present; 2) teeth absent from upper and lower jaws; 3) constrictor posterior muscle absent; 4) depressor mandibulae muscle originating solely from the squamosal; 5) inguinal fat bodies present; 6) skull highly ossified (usually skin is ossified to the skull).
- Distribution is worldwide, except for Australia, Oceania, where the Marine Toad Rhinella marina have been introduced
Cartography Credit: Zoe Yoo, UC Berkeley
Range maps sources: AmphibiaWeb, UC Berkeley, and IUCN RedListRelevant Reference
Pough, F. H., R. M. Andrews, M. L. Crump, A. H. Savitzky, K. D. Wells, and M. C. Brandley. 2015. Herpetology. Fourth Edition. Massachusetts: Sinauer.
Womack MC, Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Coloma LA, Hoke KL. 2018. Sensitive high-frequency hearing in earless and partially eared harlequin frogs (Atelopus). J Exp Biol. 221(Pt 10):jeb169664. doi: 10.1242/jeb.169664.
Genus Adenomus (2 species)
Adenomus kandianus account photos no sound/video Adenomus kelaartii account photos no sound/video
Genus Altiphrynoides (2 species)
Altiphrynoides malcolmi account no photos no sound/video Altiphrynoides osgoodi account no photos no sound/video
Genus Amazophrynella (13 species)
Amazophrynella amazonicola account no photos no sound/video Amazophrynella bilinguis no account no photos no sound/video Amazophrynella bokermanni no account photos no sound/video Amazophrynella gardai account no photos no sound/video Amazophrynella javierbustamantei no account no photos no sound/video Amazophrynella manaos no account photos no sound/video Amazophrynella matses no account no photos no sound/video Amazophrynella minuta account photos sound/video Amazophrynella moisesii no account photos no sound/video Amazophrynella siona no account photos no sound/video Amazophrynella teko no account no photos no sound/video Amazophrynella vote no account photos no sound/video Amazophrynella xinguensis no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Anaxyrus (25 species)
Genus Ansonia (38 species)
Ansonia albomaculata no account photos no sound/video Ansonia echinata no account photos no sound/video Ansonia endauensis account no photos no sound/video Ansonia fuliginea no account photos no sound/video Ansonia glandulosa no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia guibei no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia hanitschi no account photos no sound/video Ansonia infernalis no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia inthanon account photos no sound/video Ansonia jeetsukumarani account photos no sound/video Ansonia kanak no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia karen no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia kelabitensis no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia khaochangensis no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia kraensis no account photos no sound/video Ansonia kyaiktiyoensis no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia latidisca no account photos no sound/video Ansonia latiffi no account photos no sound/video Ansonia latirostra account no photos no sound/video Ansonia leptopus no account photos no sound/video Ansonia longidigita no account photos no sound/video Ansonia lumut no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia malayana no account photos no sound/video Ansonia mcgregori no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia minuta no account photos no sound/video Ansonia muelleri no account photos no sound/video Ansonia penangensis no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia phuketensis no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia pilokensis no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia platysoma no account photos no sound/video Ansonia siamensis no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia smeagol account no photos no sound/video Ansonia spinulifer no account photos no sound/video Ansonia teneritas no account photos no sound/video Ansonia thinthinae account photos no sound/video Ansonia tiomanica no account no photos no sound/video Ansonia torrentis no account photos no sound/video Ansonia vidua no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Atelopus (100 species)
Atelopus andinus account no photos no sound/video Atelopus angelito account no photos no sound/video Atelopus ardila no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus arsyecue no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus arthuri account no photos no sound/video Atelopus balios no account photos no sound/video Atelopus barbotini account photos no sound/video Atelopus bomolochos no account photos no sound/video Atelopus boulengeri no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus carauta no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus carbonerensis no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus carrikeri account photos no sound/video Atelopus certus account photos no sound/video Atelopus chiriquiensis account photos no sound/video Atelopus chirripoensis no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus chocoensis no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus chrysocorallus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus coynei account photos no sound/video Atelopus cruciger account photos no sound/video Atelopus dimorphus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus ebenoides no account photos no sound/video Atelopus elegans account photos no sound/video Atelopus epikeisthos account photos no sound/video Atelopus erythropus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus eusebianus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus eusebiodiazi no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus exiguus account no photos no sound/video Atelopus famelicus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus farci no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus flavescens no account photos no sound/video Atelopus franciscus no account photos no sound/video Atelopus fronterizo no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus galactogaster no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus gigas no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus glyphus account photos no sound/video Atelopus guanujo account no photos no sound/video Atelopus guitarraensis no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus halihelos no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus hoogmoedi no account photos no sound/video Atelopus ignescens account photos no sound/video Atelopus laetissimus account photos no sound/video Atelopus limosus account photos no sound/video Atelopus loettersi account no photos no sound/video Atelopus longibrachius no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus longirostris account photos no sound/video Atelopus lozanoi no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus lynchi account photos no sound/video Atelopus manauensis no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus mandingues no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus marinkellei no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus mindoensis account photos no sound/video Atelopus minutulus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus mittermeieri account photos no sound/video Atelopus monohernandezii no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus moropukaqumir no account photos no sound/video Atelopus mucubajiensis no account photos no sound/video Atelopus muisca no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus nahumae no account photos no sound/video Atelopus nanay account no photos no sound/video Atelopus nepiozomus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus nicefori no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus nocturnus account photos no sound/video Atelopus onorei account no photos no sound/video Atelopus orcesi no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus oxapampae no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus oxyrhynchus account no photos no sound/video Atelopus pachydermus no account photos no sound/video Atelopus palmatus no account photos no sound/video Atelopus pastuso no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus patazensis account photos no sound/video Atelopus pedimarmoratus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus peruensis account photos no sound/video Atelopus petersi no account photos no sound/video Atelopus petriruizi no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus pictiventris no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus pinangoi no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus planispina no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus podocarpus account no photos no sound/video Atelopus pulcher no account photos no sound/video Atelopus pyrodactylus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus quimbaya no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus reticulatus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus sanjosei no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus seminiferus account no photos no sound/video Atelopus senex account photos no sound/video Atelopus sernai no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus simulatus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus siranus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus sonsonensis no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus sorianoi account no photos no sound/video Atelopus spumarius account photos sound/video Atelopus spurrelli no account photos no sound/video Atelopus subornatus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus tamaense no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus tricolor account photos no sound/video Atelopus varius account photos no sound/video Atelopus vermiculatus no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus vogli account no photos no sound/video Atelopus walkeri no account no photos no sound/video Atelopus zeteki account photos sound/video
Genus Barbarophryne (1 species)
Barbarophryne brongersmai account photos no sound/video
Genus Beduka (2 species)
Beduka koynayensis account photos no sound/video Beduka tigerina account photos no sound/video
Genus Blythophryne (1 species)
Blythophryne beryet account photos no sound/video
Genus Bufo (19 species)
Bufo ailaoanus no account no photos no sound/video Bufo aspinius no account no photos no sound/video Bufo bankorensis account photos no sound/video Bufo bufo account photos no sound/video Bufo cryptotympanicus no account no photos no sound/video Bufo eichwaldi account photos sound/video Bufo exiguus no account no photos no sound/video Bufo gargarizans account photos no sound/video Bufo japonicus account photos no sound/video Bufo luchunnicus account no photos no sound/video Bufo menglianus no account no photos no sound/video Bufo pageoti no account no photos no sound/video Bufo sachalinensis no account no photos no sound/video Bufo spinosus account photos no sound/video Bufo stejnegeri no account photos no sound/video Bufo torrenticola account photos no sound/video Bufo tuberculatus account no photos no sound/video Bufo tuberospinius no account no photos no sound/video Bufo yunlingensis no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Bufoides (2 species)
Bufoides kempi no account no photos no sound/video Bufoides meghalayanus no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Bufotes (15 species)
Bufotes balearicus no account photos no sound/video Bufotes baturae no account photos no sound/video Bufotes boulengeri account photos no sound/video Bufotes cypriensis no account no photos no sound/video Bufotes latastii account photos no sound/video Bufotes luristanicus no account photos sound/video Bufotes oblongus no account photos sound/video Bufotes perrini no account no photos no sound/video Bufotes pewzowi no account photos no sound/video Bufotes pseudoraddei account photos no sound/video Bufotes sitibundus no account photos no sound/video Bufotes surdus account photos no sound/video Bufotes turanensis no account photos no sound/video Bufotes viridis account photos no sound/video Bufotes zugmayeri no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Capensibufo (5 species)
Capensibufo deceptus no account photos no sound/video Capensibufo magistratus no account photos no sound/video Capensibufo rosei account no photos no sound/video Capensibufo selenophos no account photos no sound/video Capensibufo tradouwi no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Churamiti (1 species)
Churamiti maridadi account no photos no sound/video
Genus Dendrophryniscus (17 species)
Dendrophryniscus berthalutzae no account photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus no account photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus carvalhoi no account photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus cuca no account no photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus davori no account no photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus haddadi no account photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus imitator no account no photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus izecksohni no account no photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus jureia no account no photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus krausae no account no photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus lauroi no account no photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus leucomystax no account photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus oreites no account photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus organensis no account no photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus proboscideus account photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus skuki no account no photos no sound/video Dendrophryniscus stawiarskyi no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Didynamipus (1 species)
Didynamipus sjostedti account photos no sound/video
Genus Duttaphrynus (30 species)
Genus Epidalea (1 species)
Epidalea calamita account photos sound/video
Genus Frostius (2 species)
Frostius erythrophthalmus no account photos no sound/video Frostius pernambucensis no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Ghatophryne (2 species)
Ghatophryne ornata account photos no sound/video Ghatophryne rubigina no account photos no sound/video
Genus Incilius (40 species)
Genus Ingerophrynus (12 species)
Ingerophrynus biporcatus account photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus celebensis no account photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus claviger no account no photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus divergens account photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus galeatus no account photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus gollum no account no photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus kumquat no account no photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus ledongensis no account no photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus macrotis no account photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus parvus account photos sound/video Ingerophrynus philippinicus no account photos no sound/video Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus no account photos sound/video
Genus Laurentophryne (1 species)
Laurentophryne parkeri account no photos no sound/video
Genus Leptophryne (3 species)
Leptophryne borbonica account photos sound/video Leptophryne cruentata account photos no sound/video Leptophryne javanica no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Melanophryniscus (32 species)
Genus Mertensophryne (14 species)
Mertensophryne anotis account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne howelli no account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne lindneri no account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne lonnbergi no account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne loveridgei no account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne melanopleura no account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne micranotis no account photos no sound/video Mertensophryne mocquardi no account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne nairobiensis no account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne nyikae no account photos no sound/video Mertensophryne schmidti no account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne taitana no account photos no sound/video Mertensophryne usambarae no account no photos no sound/video Mertensophryne uzunguensis no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Metaphryniscus (1 species)
Metaphryniscus sosai no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Nannophryne (4 species)
Nannophryne apolobambica no account no photos no sound/video Nannophryne cophotis no account no photos no sound/video Nannophryne corynetes no account photos no sound/video Nannophryne variegata no account photos no sound/video
Genus Nectophryne (2 species)
Nectophryne afra no account photos no sound/video Nectophryne batesii no account photos no sound/video
Genus Nectophrynoides (13 species)
Nectophrynoides asperginis account photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides cryptus no account no photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides frontierei no account no photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides laevis no account no photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides laticeps account no photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides minutus no account no photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides paulae no account no photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides poyntoni account no photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides pseudotornieri no account no photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides tornieri account photos sound/video Nectophrynoides vestergaardi account photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides viviparus no account photos no sound/video Nectophrynoides wendyae no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Nimbaphrynoides (1 species)
Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis account no photos no sound/video
Genus Oreophrynella (9 species)
Oreophrynella cryptica no account no photos no sound/video Oreophrynella dendronastes no account no photos no sound/video Oreophrynella huberi no account no photos no sound/video Oreophrynella macconnelli no account no photos no sound/video Oreophrynella nigra account photos no sound/video Oreophrynella quelchii no account no photos no sound/video Oreophrynella seegobini account photos no sound/video Oreophrynella vasquezi no account no photos no sound/video Oreophrynella weiassipuensis no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Osornophryne (11 species)
Osornophryne angel no account no photos no sound/video Osornophryne antisana no account no photos no sound/video Osornophryne bufoniformis no account no photos no sound/video Osornophryne cofanorum no account no photos no sound/video Osornophryne guacamayo no account photos no sound/video Osornophryne occidentalis no account no photos no sound/video Osornophryne percrassa no account no photos no sound/video Osornophryne puruanta account no photos no sound/video Osornophryne simpsoni no account no photos no sound/video Osornophryne sumacoensis no account no photos no sound/video Osornophryne talipes no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Parapelophryne (1 species)
Parapelophryne scalpta no account photos sound/video
Genus Pedostibes (1 species)
Pedostibes tuberculosus account photos no sound/video
Genus Pelophryne (14 species)
Pelophryne albotaeniata no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne api no account photos no sound/video Pelophryne brevipes no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne guentheri no account photos no sound/video Pelophryne ingeri no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne lighti no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne linanitensis no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne macrotis no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne misera no account photos no sound/video Pelophryne murudensis no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne penrissenensis no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne rhopophilia no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne saravacensis no account no photos no sound/video Pelophryne signata no account photos no sound/video
Genus Peltophryne (14 species)
Peltophryne armata no account no photos no sound/video Peltophryne cataulaciceps no account photos no sound/video Peltophryne dunni no account no photos no sound/video Peltophryne empusa no account photos no sound/video Peltophryne florentinoi no account no photos no sound/video Peltophryne fluviatica account no photos no sound/video Peltophryne fustiger account photos no sound/video Peltophryne guentheri account no photos no sound/video Peltophryne gundlachi no account photos no sound/video Peltophryne lemur account photos no sound/video Peltophryne longinasus account photos no sound/video Peltophryne peltocephala account photos no sound/video Peltophryne ramsdeni no account no photos no sound/video Peltophryne taladai account photos no sound/video
Genus Phrynoidis (2 species)
Phrynoidis asper account photos sound/video Phrynoidis juxtasper no account photos no sound/video
Genus Poyntonophrynus (13 species)
Poyntonophrynus beiranus no account no photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus damaranus no account no photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus dombensis no account photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti no account photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus grandisonae no account no photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus grindleyi no account no photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus hoeschi no account no photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus jordani no account no photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus kavangensis no account no photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus lughensis no account photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus pachnodes account no photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus parkeri no account no photos no sound/video Poyntonophrynus vertebralis no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Pseudobufo (1 species)
Pseudobufo subasper no account photos no sound/video
Genus Rentapia (3 species)
Rentapia everetti account photos no sound/video Rentapia flavomaculata no account photos no sound/video Rentapia hosii account photos sound/video
Genus Rhaebo (14 species)
Rhaebo andinophrynoides no account no photos no sound/video Rhaebo atelopoides no account no photos no sound/video Rhaebo blombergi no account photos no sound/video Rhaebo caeruleostictus no account no photos no sound/video Rhaebo ceratophrys no account photos no sound/video Rhaebo colomai no account no photos no sound/video Rhaebo ecuadorensis account no photos no sound/video Rhaebo glaberrimus no account photos no sound/video Rhaebo guttatus no account photos no sound/video Rhaebo haematiticus account photos no sound/video Rhaebo hypomelas no account no photos no sound/video Rhaebo lynchi no account no photos no sound/video Rhaebo nasicus no account no photos no sound/video Rhaebo olallai no account photos no sound/video
Genus Rhinella (90 species)
Rhinella achalensis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella achavali no account photos no sound/video Rhinella acrolopha no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella acutirostris no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella alata no account photos no sound/video Rhinella amabilis account no photos no sound/video Rhinella angeli no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella arborescandens no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella arenarum no account photos no sound/video Rhinella arunco no account photos no sound/video Rhinella atacamensis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella azarai no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella beebei no account photos no sound/video Rhinella bergi no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella bernardoi no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella casconi account no photos no sound/video Rhinella castaneotica no account photos no sound/video Rhinella centralis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella cerradensis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella chavin account no photos no sound/video Rhinella chrysophora no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella chullachaki no account photos no sound/video Rhinella cristinae no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella crucifer no account photos no sound/video Rhinella dapsilis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella diptycha account photos no sound/video Rhinella dorbignyi no account photos no sound/video Rhinella exostosica no account photos no sound/video Rhinella festae no account photos no sound/video Rhinella fissipes no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella gallardoi no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella gnustae no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella granulosa account photos sound/video Rhinella henseli no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella hoogmoedi no account photos no sound/video Rhinella horribilis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella humboldti no account photos no sound/video Rhinella icterica account photos sound/video Rhinella inca account photos no sound/video Rhinella inopina no account photos no sound/video Rhinella iserni no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella justinianoi no account photos no sound/video Rhinella leptoscelis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella lescurei account photos no sound/video Rhinella lilyrodriguezae no account photos no sound/video Rhinella limensis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella lindae no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella macrorhina no account photos no sound/video Rhinella magnussoni account no photos sound/video Rhinella major no account photos no sound/video Rhinella manu no account photos no sound/video Rhinella margaritifera account photos no sound/video Rhinella marina account photos sound/video Rhinella merianae no account photos no sound/video Rhinella mirandaribeiroi no account photos no sound/video Rhinella multiverrucosa no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella nattereri no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella nesiotes no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella nicefori no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella ocellata no account photos no sound/video Rhinella ornata account photos sound/video Rhinella paraguas no account photos no sound/video Rhinella parecis no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella poeppigii no account photos no sound/video Rhinella pombali account photos no sound/video Rhinella proboscidea account photos sound/video Rhinella pygmaea no account photos sound/video Rhinella quechua no account photos no sound/video Rhinella roqueana no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella rostrata account no photos no sound/video Rhinella rubescens no account photos no sound/video Rhinella rubropunctata no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella ruizi no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella rumbolli no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella schneideri account photos sound/video Rhinella scitula no account photos no sound/video Rhinella sclerocephala no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella sebbeni no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella spinulosa no account photos no sound/video Rhinella stanlaii no account photos no sound/video Rhinella sternosignata no account photos no sound/video Rhinella tacana no account photos no sound/video Rhinella tenrec account no photos no sound/video Rhinella teotoniensis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella truebae account no photos no sound/video Rhinella unapensis no account no photos no sound/video Rhinella vellardi no account photos no sound/video Rhinella veraguensis no account photos no sound/video Rhinella veredas account photos no sound/video Rhinella yanachaga account no photos no sound/video
Genus Sabahphrynus (1 species)
Sabahphrynus maculatus account no photos no sound/video
Genus Schismaderma (2 species)
Schismaderma branchi account no photos no sound/video Schismaderma carens account photos no sound/video
Genus Sclerophrys (45 species)
Sclerophrys arabica no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys asmarae no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys blanfordii no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys brauni no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys buchneri no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys camerunensis no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys capensis no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys channingi account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys chudeaui no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys cristiglans no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys danielae no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys djohongensis no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys dodsoni account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys fuliginata no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys funerea no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys garmani account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys gracilipes no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys gutturalis account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys kassasii account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys kerinyagae no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys kisoloensis no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys langanoensis no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys latifrons no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys lemairii no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys maculata account photos sound/video Sclerophrys mauritanica no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys pantherina account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys pardalis no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys pentoni account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys perreti no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys poweri no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys pusilla no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys reesi no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys regularis account photos sound/video Sclerophrys steindachneri no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys superciliaris no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys taiensis account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys tihamica no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys togoensis no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys tuberosa no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys turkanae no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys urunguensis no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys villiersi no account photos no sound/video Sclerophrys vittata no account no photos no sound/video Sclerophrys xeros account photos no sound/video
Genus Sigalegalephrynus (5 species)
Sigalegalephrynus burnitelongensis no account no photos no sound/video Sigalegalephrynus gayoluesensis no account no photos no sound/video Sigalegalephrynus harveyi no account no photos no sound/video Sigalegalephrynus mandailinguensis account no photos no sound/video Sigalegalephrynus minangkabauensis no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Strauchbufo (1 species)
Strauchbufo raddei account photos no sound/video
Genus Torrentophryne (1 species)
Torrentophryne yongdeensis no account no photos no sound/video
Genus Truebella (2 species)
Truebella skoptes account no photos no sound/video Truebella tothastes account no photos no sound/video
Genus Vandijkophrynus (5 species)
Vandijkophrynus amatolicus no account photos no sound/video Vandijkophrynus angusticeps no account photos no sound/video Vandijkophrynus gariepensis no account photos no sound/video Vandijkophrynus inyangae no account no photos no sound/video Vandijkophrynus robinsoni no account photos no sound/video
Genus Werneria (6 species)
Werneria bambutensis account photos no sound/video Werneria iboundji no account no photos no sound/video Werneria mertensiana no account no photos no sound/video Werneria preussi account no photos no sound/video Werneria submontana no account no photos no sound/video Werneria tandyi no account photos no sound/video
Genus Wolterstorffina (3 species)
Wolterstorffina chirioi no account photos no sound/video Wolterstorffina mirei no account photos no sound/video Wolterstorffina parvipalmata no account photos no sound/video
Citation: AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: https://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed:
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