Megophryidae |  |
251 species in 12 genera
Commonly Called Asian Horned Frogs, Asian Toads, Asian Toadfrogs, Leaf Litter Frogs
Megophrys (Xenophrys) major
Photo by Nikolai Orlov
(Click for family gallery)These are the largest, most ecologically and morphologically diverse group of non-neobatrachian frogs in South and Southeast Asia, extending through India, Pakistan, Southeast Asia, Borneo, Philippines, and Sunda Islands. The Megophryidae are generally cryptic frogs, often mimicking dead leaves on the forest floor. For example, Megophrys nasuta, when viewed dorsally, resembles a leaf with its coloration, overall shape, and even leaf-vein looking epidermal growths! These frogs are nocturnal and are poor jumpers, instead preferring to walk around. Tadpoles are aquatic and vary widely in natural history with many buccal adaptations. Megophryids have highly glandular skin with concentrations of glands in the axilla, pectoral and femoral areas.
Notably in 2018, Mahony et al. compiled and analyzed a molecular, morphological, and timetree dated phylogeny for the subfamily Megophryninae, in which they proposed it is comprised of the single genus Megophrys with support for seven subgenera: Megophrys, Atympanophrys, Brachytarsophrys, Ophryophryne, Panophrys, Pelobatrachus, and Xenophrys.
Written by AmphibiaWebNotable Family Characteristics
- Inhabits forest floors or streamsides
- Terrestrial
- Nocturnal
- Eggs are deposited in water to hatch into aquatic tadpoles
- Morphological characters for this family are: 1) ceratohyals absent in adults; 2) intervertebral cartilages with ossified centers; 3) paddle-shaped tongue; 4) pectoral girdle arciferal with long bony sternum; 5) sacral diapophyses expanded antero-posteriorly; 6) palatines absent, with a palatal process of maxilla instead present in this area. Other features include highly glandular skin with concentrations of glands in the axilla, pectoral and femoral areas
- Distribution limited to South and Southeast Asia, extending through India, Pakistan, Southeast Asia, Borneo, Philippines, and Sunda Islands.
Relevant Reference
Chen et al 2018 Large-scale phylogenetic analyses provide insights into unrecognized diversity and historical biogeography of Asian leaf-litter frogs, genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 124: 162-171.
Mahony, S, R G. Kamei, E C. Teeling, and S. D. Biju. 2018. Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa, 4523.1 (2018): 1–96
Mahony, S., N. M. Foley, S. D. Biju, and E. C. Teeling. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Asian Horned Frogs (Megophryinae): Integrative approaches to timetree dating in the absence of a fossil record. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34: 744-771.
Pough, F. H., R. M. Andrews, M. L. Crump, A. H. Savitzky, K. D. Wells, and M. C. Brandley. 2015. Herpetology. Fourth Edition. Massachusetts: Sinauer.
Vitt, L. J., and J. P. Caldwell. 2013. Herpetology. An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Fourth Edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Subfamily Leptobrachiinae (155 species)
Genus Leptobrachella (74 species) [subfamily Leptobrachiinae]
Leptobrachella alpina no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella applebyi AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella arayai no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella ardens no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella baluensis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella bidoupensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella bijie no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella bondangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella botsfordi no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella bourreti no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella brevicrus no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella crocea no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella dringi no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella feii no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella firthi no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella flaviglandulosa no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella fritinniens no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella fuliginosa no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella fusca no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella gracilis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella hamidi no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella heteropus no AmphibiaWeb account photos sound/video Leptobrachella juliandringi no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella kajangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella kalonensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella kecil no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella khasiorum no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella lateralis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella laui no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella liui no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella macrops no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella maculosa no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella marmorata no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella maura no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella melanoleuca no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella melica no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella mjobergi no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella nahangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella namdongensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella natunae no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella niveimontis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella oshanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella pallida AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella palmata no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella parva no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella pelodytoides no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella petrops no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella picta no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella platycephala no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella pluvialis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella purpura no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella purpuraventra no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella pyrrhops no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella rowleyae no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella sabahmontana no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella serasanae AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella shangsiensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella sola no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella suiyangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella sungi AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella tadungensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella tamdil no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella tengchongensis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella tuberosa no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella ventripunctata no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella wuhuangmontis AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella yingjiangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella yunkaiensis AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella zhangyapingi no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella (Lalos) aerea no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachella (Lalos) eos no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella (Lalos) maoershanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella (Lalos) minima no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachella (Lalos) nyx no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video
Genus Leptobrachium (37 species) [subfamily Leptobrachiinae]
Leptobrachium abbotti AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium ailaonicum no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium banae no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium bompu AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium boringii no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium buchardi no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium chapaense no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium guangxiense no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium gunungense no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium hainanense no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium hasseltii AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium hendricksoni AmphibiaWeb account photos sound/video Leptobrachium huashen no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium ingeri no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium kanowitense no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium kantonishikawai no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium leishanense no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium leucops no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium liui no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium lumadorum no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium lunatum no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium mangyanorum no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium montanum AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium mouhoti no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium ngoclinhense no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium nigrops no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium nokrekensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium promustache no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium pullum no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium rakhinense no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium smithi no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium tagbanorum no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium tenasserimense no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium tengchongense no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium waysepuntiense AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Leptobrachium xanthops no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Leptobrachium xanthospilum no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video
Genus Leptolalax (1 species) [subfamily Leptobrachiinae]
Leptolalax mangshanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video
Genus Oreolalax (19 species) [subfamily Leptobrachiinae]
Genus Scutiger (24 species) [subfamily Leptobrachiinae]
Scutiger adungensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger bhutanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger boulengeri no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Scutiger brevipes no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger chintingensis AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger ghunsa no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger glandulatus no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger gongshanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger jiulongensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger liupanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger maculatus AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger mammatus no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger muliensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger nepalensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger ningshanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger nyingchiensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger occidentalis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Scutiger pingwuensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger sikimmensis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Scutiger spinosus no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Scutiger tengchongensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger tuberculatus no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger wanglangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Scutiger wuguanfui no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video
Subfamily Megophryinae (96 species)Genus Atympanophrys (3 species) [subfamily Megophryinae]
Atympanophrys gigantica no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Atympanophrys nankiangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Atympanophrys shapingensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video
Genus Brachytarsophrys (7 species) [subfamily Megophryinae]
Brachytarsophrys carinense no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Brachytarsophrys chuannanensis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Brachytarsophrys feae no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Brachytarsophrys intermedia no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Brachytarsophrys orientalis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Brachytarsophrys platyparietus no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Brachytarsophrys popei no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video
Genus Megophrys (3 species) [subfamily Megophryinae]
Megophrys (Megophrys) lancip no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Megophrys (Megophrys) montana AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Megophrys (Megophrys) parallela no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video
Genus Ophryophryne (6 species) [subfamily Megophryinae]
Ophryophryne elfina no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Ophryophryne gerti no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Ophryophryne hansi no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Ophryophryne koui no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Ophryophryne microstoma no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Ophryophryne synoria no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video
Genus Panophrys (41 species) [subfamily Megophryinae]
Panophrys acuta no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys angka no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys baolongensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys binchuanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys binlingensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys boettgeri no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys brachykolos no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Panophrys caobangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys caudoprocta no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys cheni no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys daweimontis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys dongguanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys huangshanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys insularis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys jingdongensis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Panophrys jinggangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys jiulianensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys kuatunensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys leishanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys liboensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys lini no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys lishuiensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys minor no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Panophrys mufumontana no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys nankunensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys nanlingensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys obesa no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys ombrophila no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys omeimontis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Panophrys palpebralespinosa no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Panophrys rubrimera no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Panophrys sangzhiensis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Panophrys shuichengensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys shunhuangensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys spinata no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Panophrys tuberogranulatus AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys wawuensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys wugongensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys wuliangshanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys wushanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Panophrys xianjuensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video
Genus Pelobatrachus (7 species) [subfamily Megophryinae]
Pelobatrachus baluensis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Pelobatrachus edwardinae no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Pelobatrachus kalimantanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Pelobatrachus kobayashii no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Pelobatrachus ligayae AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Pelobatrachus nasuta no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Pelobatrachus stejnegeri no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video
Genus Xenophrys (29 species) [subfamily Megophryinae]
Xenophrys aceras no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Xenophrys ancrae no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Xenophrys auralensis AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys damrei no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys dringi no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Xenophrys fansipanensis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Xenophrys feii no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys flavipunctata no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys glandulosa no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys himalayana no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys hoanglienensis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Xenophrys lekaguli no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys longipes no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Xenophrys major no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Xenophrys mangshanensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys medogensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys megacephala no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys monticola no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys oreocrypta no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys oropedion no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys pachyproctus no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys parva no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys periosa no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys robusta no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys serchhipii no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys takensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys vegrandis no AmphibiaWeb account photos no sound/video Xenophrys zhangi no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video Xenophrys zunhebotoensis no AmphibiaWeb account no photos no sound/video
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