Pristimantis campinarana Mônico, Ferrão, Moravec, Fouquet & Lima, 2023
| family: Strabomantidae genus: Pristimantis |
Species Description: Mônico AT, Ferrão M, Moravec J, Fouquet A., Lima AP. 2023. A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Peerj 11:e15399. | |
Etymology: The species epithet, “campinarana” is the Portuguese word for a type of white sand forest ecosystem with thin-trunked trees and canopy lower than 20 meters. This is the habitat in which P. campinarana lives (Mônico et al. 2023). |
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Description DIAGNOSIS: At the time of the species description, P. campinarana was placed in the P. unistrigatus species group, which includes: P. aaptus, P. academicus, P. altamazonicus, P. brevicrus, P. carvalhoi, P. crepitaculus, P. croceoinguinis, P. delius, P. diadematus, P. divnae, P. espedeus, P. eurydactylus, P. grandoculis, P. guianensis, P. inguinalis, P. kichwarum, P. librarius, P. luscombei, P. martiae, P. matidiktyo, P. miktos, P. ockendeni, P. orcus, P. variabilis, and P. ventrimarmoratus, but can be differentiated by size, presence of vocal slits, presence of dentigerous processes of vomers, presence of eyelid tubercles, two-toned irises, visible tympanum, male tarsal tubercles, coloration, and call characters. More specifically, P. campinarana females have a smaller snout-vent length than P. aaptus, P. altamazonicus, P. brevicrus, P. delius, P. diadematus, P. espedeus, P. eurydactylus, P. miktos, P. ockendeni, P. orcus, and P. ventrimarmoratus. Male P. campinarana have a smaller snout-vent length than P. aaptus, P. diadematus, P. divnae, P. espedeus and P. orcus, but a larger snout-vent length than P. academicus, P. carvalhoi, P. martiae and P. grandoculis. The presences of male vocal slits in P. campinarana differentiate it from P. altamazonicus, P. brevicrus, P. carvalhoi, P. croceoinguinis, P. diadematus, P. divnae, P. eurydactylus, P. grandoculis, P. miktos, P. orcus, and P. ventrimarmoratus. The presence of dentigerous processes of vomers in P. campinarana distinguishes it from P. delius and P. guianensis, which both lack this feature. Eyelid tubercles in P. campinarana differentiate the species from P. carvalhoi, P. delius, P. diadematus, P. lythrodes, P. variabilis, and P. ventrimarmoratus, which lack eyelid tubercles. Pristimantis campinarana have two-toned irises that differ from the monochromatic irises of P. academicus, P. altamazonicus, P. brevicrus, P. carvalhoi, P. croceoinguinis, P. divnae, P. lythrodes, P. miktos, P. orcus, and P. ventrimarmoratus. A visible tympanum in P. campinarana separates it from P. brevicrus, P. carvalhoi, P. croceoinguinis, P. grandoculis, P. martiae, and P. ventrimarmoratus. Pristimants campinarana males have tarsal tubercles, which are not found in P. diadematus, P. librarius, P. lythrodes, P. kichwarum, P. martiae, P. matidiktyo, or P. ventrimarmoratus. The lack of brightly colored marks on the groin in P. campinarana differentiates it from P. aaptus, P. academicus, P. altamazonicus, P. brevicrus, P. carvalhoi, P. crepitaculus, P. croceoinguinis, P. diadematus, P. divnae, P. espedeus, P. eurydactylus, P. grandoculis, P. inguinalis, P. librarius, P. lythrodes, P. martiae, P. matidiktyo, P. miktos, and P. orcus. The focal species has a call that is similar to P. espedeus, P. guianensis and P. ockendeni, but has a longer call duration than P. espedeus and P. guianensis, longer inter-note interval than P. guianensis, and higher dominate frequency than P. espedeus and P. ockendeni. The multi-note call of P. campinarana also distinguishes it from the single note call of P. inguinalis and P. orcus (Mônico et al. 2023). COLORATION: In life, the dorsal surface is dark yellow to light brown. A dark brown dorsal stripe may be present that runs the length of the frog from snout to the cloaca (see next paragraph for variation among specimens). This species of frog has a dark brown mid-dorsal stripe. The dorsolateral stripes start behind the eyes and run to the cloaca, but are not solid as they are formed by small, brown spots and blotches. On the head, a black stripe runs from the snout to the anterior edge of the eyelid. The upper lip has dark brown stripes below the eye and above the tympanum. The iris of this frog is pale bronze with dark brown irregular line patterns and a mahogany-red horizontal stripe through the middle, some may have a golden coloration at the base. The forelimbs have dark brown transversal bars. The thigh and tibia have a light brown transversal bar, while the posterior side of the thigh is brown with no stripes or bars. The ventrum is gray during the day but becomes whitish at night when the melanophores expand. Small, dark melanophores can be seen on the white and translucent groin, which otherwise does not have any bright markings (Mônico et al. 2023). In preserved specimens, the dorsal side has three types of patterns: dark brown mottling, a light dorsum with stark contrast to dark sides, and the dark brown dorsal stripes as described above. Most specimens have a dark brown stripe between the eyes. Some have a W-shaped line on the dorsal side between the shoulders. Various dark brown striping patterns across the body are generally visible in most preserved specimens, but can be less obvious or not present. The ventral side is off-white with dark melanophores present in most specimens (Mônico et al. 2023). VARIATION: There is individual morphological variation and variation by time of day within the same individual. When looking down on this species from above, the canthus rostralis can either be straight or have a slight curve. Males have three or four ulnar tubercles, while females do not have any. The texture of the dorsal surface can vary in terms of granularity and in the presence or absence of tubercles; both of these characters are probably influenced by the activity of the frog at the time of interaction. The melanophores on the ventrum expand at night causing the ventrum to turn from gray to white. There is also variation in coloration, which is described above (Mônico et al. 2023). Distribution and Habitat Country distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database: Brazil
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors When breeding, males begin their calls at dusk and continue consistently until nighttime, around 20:00h, and end completely at 22:00h. The calls will continue throughout the night during the rainier days. These males call while resting on plants about 1 meter from the floor, usually in groups of around 10 males, about 4 - 5 meters from each other. When their groups are smaller, of 3 - 4 males, they will often spread out further (Mônico et al. 2023). Their advertisement calls have between 5 to 10 notes. However, they will usually advertise with 6 to 8 notes for 694 ms (± 115 ms), for a call duration range between 550 to 1061 ms. These notes tend to be tonal, lasting 26.5 ms (± 7.1 ms), and the time between their notes being 82.7 ms (± 11.9 ms). The minimum frequency of the calls are 2,853 Hz (± 141 Hz) and the maximum is 4,490 Hz (± 413 Hz). Their dominating frequency is 3,587 Hz (± 204 Hz) (Mônico et al. 2023). They utilize the axillary amplexus position, with the female being grasped at the forelimbs (Mônico et al. 2023). Females produce oocytes, usually about 14 - 17 (Mônico et al. 2023). Larva Trends and Threats Relation to Humans Possible reasons for amphibian decline General habitat alteration and loss Comments PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS: Maximum Likelihood analyses were used on 16S and COI mitochondrial genes, and RAG1 nuclear gene sequences. These analyses found that P. campinarana is sister to P. matidiktyo, and the next most closely related species is P. ockendeni (Mônico et al. 2023).References Mônico, A.T., Ferrão, M., Moravec, J., Fouquet, A., and Lima, A.P. (2023). A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Peerj 11, e15399. [link] Originally submitted by: Caspian Antrim, Esther Puga, Sophia Lindemuth (2024-08-19) Description by: Caspian Antrim, Esther Puga, Sophia Lindemuth, Ann T. Chang (updated 2024-08-19)
Distribution by: Caspian Antrim, Esther Puga, Sophia Lindemuth (updated 2024-08-19)
Life history by: Caspian Antrim, Esther Puga, Sophia Lindemuth (updated 2024-08-19)
Larva by: Caspian Antrim, Esther Puga, Sophia Lindemuth (updated 2024-08-19)
Trends and threats by: Caspian Antrim, Esther Puga, Sophia Lindemuth, Ann T. Chang (updated 2024-08-19)
Relation to humans by: Caspian Antrim, Esther Puga, Sophia Lindemuth (updated 2024-08-19)
Comments by: Caspian Antrim, Esther Puga, Sophia Lindemuth (updated 2024-08-19)
Edited by: Ann T. Chang (2024-08-19) Species Account Citation: AmphibiaWeb 2024 Pristimantis campinarana <https://amphibiaweb.org/species/9756> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed May 5, 2025.
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Citation: AmphibiaWeb. 2025. <https://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 5 May 2025. AmphibiaWeb's policy on data use. |