Boana pulchella (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
Montevideo tree frog | family: Hylidae subfamily: Hylinae genus: Boana |
Species Description: Duméril, A. M. C., and G. Bibron. (1841). Erpétologie Genérale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles. Volume 6. Paris: Librarie Enclyclopedique de Roret. | |
Etymology: The species epithet, “pulchella," is derived from Latin, meaning “pretty”. It is often used as an epithet for species (Mahoney 2025). |
![]() © 2009 Raul Maneyro (1 of 8) |
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Description Phylogenetic analyses reveal that Boana pulchella is closely related to Boana cordobae, but the latter tend to be slightly larger (53 mm) and have a strong dorsal speckled pattern rather than the loose marbling associated with some B. pulchella types (Baraquet et al. 2018). Boana pulchella may also be confused for Dendropsophus sanborni and Scinax uruguaya. Dendropsophus sanborni can be distinguished by its smaller size (15 - 20 mm), its brown-yellow dorsal coloration, and well-developed interdigital membranes in the posterior limbs. Scinax uruguaya can be distinguished by its small size (22 - 28 mm), dorsal-cephalic yellow coloration, and dorsal granular skin (Achaval and Olmos 2003). In life, much variation exists in coloration. Dorsal color ranges from bright solid green to light brown with darker spots, accompanied by a coffee-colored lateral band that extends from the posterior edge of the eye to the groin. This band is bordered on both sides by a narrower whitish band. In green individuals, this band is replaced by a color similar to the dorsum. The ventrum is whitish. The thighs are pink with large black splotches. The vocal sac is canary yellow (Langone 1994). There is sexual dimorphism, with males having one vocal sac and prepollical spines, as well as a smaller snout-vent length. There is also variation in coloration, as previously described, with some individuals being brown and others green (Langone 1994). Distribution and Habitat Country distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database: Brazil, Uruguay
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors This species adapts its diet and metabolism to seasonal changes to efficiently remain active across a large temperature gradient (de Amaral et al. 2021). Boana pulchella breeds in permanent bodies of water but is also found in human-altered environments such as gardens and small lakes (Baraquet et al. 2021). Boana pulchella is unique in that it is reproductively active throughout the year and adjusts its metabolism seasonally to account for environmental changes (de Amaral et al. 2021). Males produce two-tonal calls, with a shorter first note (Grenat et al. 2023). Some have described it as a “ticlic…ticlicl…tclic” and suggest vocalizations end in an “uhmn” sound (Langone 1994). The calls range in frequency from 2.1 - 2.6 kHz (Baraquet et al. 2021). Eggs are laid in submerged gelatinous masses, and adhered to vegetation (Achaval and Olmos 2003). Eggs are lightly pigmented and 1.5 mm in diameter (Langone 1994). When distressed or caught, B. pulchella may excrete a strong alliaceous scent as a reflexive defense mechanism (Langone 1994). Boana pulchella has a generalist diet consisting of arachnids, insects, and crustaceans (de Amaral et al. 2021). The species is also host to various helminths (Nematoda, Cestoda, Digenea, and Acanthocephala) (Silveira et al. 2022). Larva In life, tadpoles are dark brown with gold accents. The fins are pigmented brown as well (Langone 1994). In preservative, the tadpole body is yellow-brown dorsally with dark brown markings on the head and inner margins of nostrils. Small dark spots are spread through the dorsal head and body. Laterally the coloration is dark brown, and the venter is translucent. The caudal musculature is yellow-tan colored with irregular dark regions that can create a dark/light transversal pattern, dorsally. The fins are opalescent with dark blotches (Kolenc et al. 2008). There is variation in the oral disc and body with. The tooth row formula have been recoreded as 2(2)/3, 2(1,2)/3(1), 2(2)/3(2), or 2(2)/4(1) formula. Labial teeth can also be present on the lateral submarginal papillae, infraangular lateral flap, or on either side of the anterior labium. There may be constriction on the body at the supraangular regions of the oral disc (Kolenc et al. 2008). The larval stage is long and can last eight months, as some tadpoles may postpone metamorphosis throughout the winter (Langone 1994). Trends and Threats Comments The sister group to the B. pulchella group is the B. claresignata group. The sister species to B. pulchella is B. cordobae; both are part of the B. prasina complex within the B. pulchella group. The next most closely related complex is the B. riojana complex (Faivovich et al. 2021). References Baraquet, M., Otero, M. A., Grenat, P. R., Babini, M. S., and Martino, A. L. (2018). Morphometric differentiation and geographic variation among populations of Boana cordobae (Anura: Hylidae): Effect to age. Revista de Biología Tropical, 66(4), 1401. [link] Baraquet, M., Pollo, F. E., Otero, M. A., Grenat, P. R., Salas, N. E., and Martino, A. L. (2021). Body size, age and growth in males populations of Boana pulchella (Anura, Hylidae). Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 93(suppl 4), 1-12. [link] de Amaral, M., Von Dentz, M. C., Ohlweiler, R., Hoff, M. L., Heiermann, D., Colombo, P., and Kucharski, L. C. (2021). Seasonal variations in the intermediate metabolism in South American tree-frog Boana pulchella. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 192(2), 297–311. [link] Duellman, W. E., De La Riva, I., and Wild, E. R. (1997). Frogs of the Hyla armata and the Hyla pulchella groups in the Andes of South America, with definitions and analyses of phylogenetic relationships of Andean groups of Hyla. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, the University of Kansas, 3, 1-41. [link] Faivovich, J., D.P. Pinheiro, P., Lyra, M. L., Pereyra, M. O., Baldo, D., Muñoz, A., Reichle, S., Brandão, R. A., Giaretta, A. A., C. Thomé, M. T., Chaparro, J. C., Baêta, D., Libardi Widholzer, R., Baldo, J., Lehr, E., Wheeler, W. C., C. A. Garcia, P., and Haddad, C. F. B. (2021). Phylogenetic relationships of the Boana pulchella group (Anura: Hylidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 155, 106981. [link] Grenat, P., Ferrero, M., Baraquet, M., Pollo, F., Otero, M., Salinas, Z., Salas, N., and Martino, A. (2023). Changes in call properties of Boana pulchella (Anura, Hylidae) in response to different noise conditions. Current Zoology, 70(4), 548–556. [link] Kolenc, F., Borteiro, C., Alcalde, L., Baldo, D., Cardozo, D., and Faivovich, J. (2008). Comparative larval morphology of eight species of Hypsiboas Wagler (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) from Argentina and Uruguay, with a review of the larvae of this genus. Zootaxa, 1927(1). [link] Langone, J. A. (1994). Hylidae. In Ranas y Sapos del Uruguay (Reconocimiento y aspectos biológicos) (pp. 46–48). Intendencia Municipal, Div. Cultura, Servicio de Divulgación Científica. [link] Mahoney, K. D. (2025). Latin definition for: pulchellus, pulchella, pulchellum. Latin Dictionary at https://latin-dictionary.net/definition/32261/pulchellus-pulchella-pulchellum. Accessed on 18 March 2025. Silveira, E. C., Mascarenhas, C. S., Huckembeck, S., Müller, G., and Loebmann, D. (2022). Parasitic helminths in Boana pulchella (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) (Anura: Hylidae) and their relation with host diet, body size, and habitat. Cuadernos de Herpetología, 36(2), 155–167. [link] Originally submitted by: Fede KG (2025-04-21) Description by: Fede KG (updated 2025-04-21)
Distribution by: Fede KG (updated 2025-04-21)
Life history by: Fede KG (updated 2025-04-21)
Larva by: Fede KG (updated 2025-04-21)
Trends and threats by: Fede KG (updated 2025-04-21)
Comments by: Fede KG (updated 2025-04-21)
Edited by: Ann T. Chang (2025-04-21) Species Account Citation: AmphibiaWeb 2025 Boana pulchella: Montevideo tree frog <https://amphibiaweb.org/species/705> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed May 8, 2025.
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Citation: AmphibiaWeb. 2025. <https://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 8 May 2025. AmphibiaWeb's policy on data use. |