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	Conservation Status (definitions)
IUCN (Red List) Status	Least Concern (LC) See threat category on the IUCN web site.
CITES	No CITES Listing
Other International Status	Bern Convention (Annex 2); Not Threatened (listed in IUCN Red List erroneously)
National Status	Red Data Books of Lithuania and Latvia.
Regional Status	Bern Convention (Annex 2). Red Data Books of Karelia, Tataria, Moscow Province

Description
A large newt. Vomerine tooth series symmetrical, slightly curved longitudinally, proximal ends drawn together, distal ends slightly curved to the outside. Body robust Wolterstorff index, forelimb/distance between limbs is 0.45-0.6), head wide; tail length approximately equal to or slightly less than body length with head. Skin rough, with large granules. Dorsal and lateral surfaces black or brownish-black with dark spots; numerous white points on body flanks. Throat black (sometimes yellowish) with white points. Belly yellow to orange with black, usually unfused spots. Male cloaca swollen and dark; tail with lateral longitudinal blue-white band. During the breeding season, the male has a deeply notched middorsal crest which extends from the level of eyes to the base of tail and unnotched crest on the tail. The female lacks these characters, and its cloaca is flattened and reddish; tail with longitudinal reddish or orange band from below.

Distribution and Habitat

Country distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Republic of, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom

View distribution map using BerkeleyMapper.

The species inhabits Europe (except southern Europe) and the western part of West Siberia. The northern margin of the range extends from northern France, Great Britain, southern Scandinavia to the north of Russia (Karelia - Vologda Province - north of Kostroma Province - surroundings of Kirov City - Perm Province: Solikamsk Town, 58oN, 56o13'E). The southern margin runs from central France to southwestern Romania, then from central Moldavia through southern Ukraine south-eastwards then northwards into central European Russia and the southern Urals to the south of Kurgan Province in West Siberia. Then the margin turns north-westwards through Shadrinsk District of Kurgan Province (ca. 56o06'N, 63o35'E).

The Great Crested Newt is distributed in the forest and forest steppe zones. Isolated populations live in "insular" forests within the European steppes. Triturus cristatus is a typical forest amphibian. It lives in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, their glades and edges, in bushlands, meadows, parks and gardens. In southern areas, populations of this newt live in insular forests and in the landscapes of dense vegetation of flooded valleys. Reproduction occurs in stagnant and, rarely, in semi-flowing waters such as ponds, flooded quarries, lakes, irrigation channels and ditches. Such water bodies may be large (several thousand square meters and several meters in depth) or small (5-10 m2 and about 0.5 m in depth). The use of small ponds appears to be more typical in the southern part of its range.

Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
In southern regions, T. cristatus sometimes occurs in highly eutrophied water bodies. In northern regions, however, it is very sensitive to water quality. There it does not occur in eutrophic, shallow, overgrown ponds. In southern regions, the population density is higher than in northern regions and sometimes exceeds that of the Smooth Newt (Triturus vulgaris). The latter, however, is more tolerant to cold conditions as revealed from its geographic range, which extends more northwards and eastwards. Correspondingly, the abundance of the Great Crested Newt in northern areas is usually several times less than that of the sympatric Smooth Newt. At the north-western and eastern (Urals and Siberia) limits of its distribution, the Great Crested Newt is a rare or very rare species.

Hibernation usually starts in October to November and finishes in February to May (depending on latitude and altitude), when the newts enter the breeding ponds. Adult newts stay in water a long time (sometimes several months) after reproduction. Courtship in this species, as in other members of Triturus cristatus superspecies, is somewhat different from that of the group of "small-bodied" newts (such as T. vulgaris, T. helveticus, etc.), and resembles that in T. vittatus. As in other species of Triturus, the female of the Great Crested Newt tucks each egg or a few eggs into a leaf during oviposition. Clutch consists of 70-600 (usually 150-200) eggs, which are deposited singly or in chains of 2-3 eggs.

Embryogenesis takes 12-20 days. About half of the eggs fail to hatch due to inherent fault at their development. Just after hatching, the larvae live on the bottom, on aquatic plants, or other substrates. Afterwards, they switch to a mainly pelagic life after developing high fin folds, caudal filaments and long toes and fingers. These structures are reduced at metamorphosis and the larvae become benthic. The larval development is longer than many other newts, about 2.5-3 months or more. Metamorphosis occurs in late summer and autumn. Many larvae hibernate and complete their transformation in the next year.

After the exhaustion of embryonic yolk, the larvae primarily eat microcrustaceans: Daphniidae, Chydoridae, Copepoda and small amounts of insects. Afterwards, they prey mainly on plankton as they take up a pelagic life. Large planktonic Daphnia are selected much more than small Diaptomidae. Selectivity toward small crawling invertebrates, e.g. Chydoridae, decreases correspondingly with ontogeny. Terrestrial adults primarily eat earthworms, slugs, insects and their larvae. During the aquatic phase, they consume Mollusca, particularly small Bivalvia, microcrustaceans and insects. Adult newts sometimes display cannibalism and often consume other amphibians, especially at larval and juvenile stages of development. Frequent consumption of vertebrate prey is typical for crested newts, the largest of the aquatic salamanders in Europe. It is even supposed that this predation may cause decline of breeding groups of the Smooth Newt (T. vulgaris) in Moldavia.

Trends and Threats
Triturus cristatus seems to be a declining species, like the majority of other European amphibians. Its decline, however, seems to be more pronounced. This may be related to its high requirements to water quality, especially at larval stages. Introduced fish pose another threat. They are more harmful for T. cristatus than other newt species because its larvae spend a great deal of time in the water column (instead of the bottom), where the frequency of encounters with fish is higher. Nevertheless, T. cristatus remains one of the most widespread amphibian species in Europe, forming many dense populations. Hence, it is not necessary to include it in the IUCN Red List. Rather, conservation at the level of particular countries and regions would be more suitable. Translocation of T. cristatus have been atempted. It is found that in situ translocation is more effective than ex situ translocation since these newt s become disorientated when moved outside of their home ranges and may attempt to return to their original pond.

Relation to Humans
The populations of T. cristatus are declining and becoming extinct under anthropogenic influences more rapidly than populations of other sympatric amphibians because of its sensitivity to water quality. Correspondingly, pollution of water, destruction and drainage of ponds, as well as introduction of fish seem to be the most harmful factors. Deforestation, urbanization, cleaning of ponds, collection for trade, etc., also play a negative role. T. cristatus are protected under European and UK legislation but it frequently cause conflict between development and conservation in England. About 27 percent of great crested newt terrestrial habitat and about half of ponds they inhabit was destroyed because of developments.

Comments
The species is the central member of Triturus cristatus superspecies, whose study is in progress.

References
 

Bannikov, A. G., Darevsky, I. S. and Rustamov, A. K. (1971). Zemnovodnye i Presmykayushchienya SSSR [Amphibians and Reptiles of the USSR]. Izdatelistvo Misl, Moscow.  

Bannikov, A. G., Darevsky, I. S., Ishchenko, V. G., Rustamov, A. K., and Szczerbak, N. N. (1977). Opredelitel Zemnovodnykh i Presmykayushchikhsya Fauny SSSR [Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of the USSR Fauna]. Prosveshchenie, Moscow.  

Edgar P.W., Griffiths, R.A., and Foster, J.P. (2004). ''Evaluation of translocation as a tool for mitigating development threats to great crested newts in England.'' Biological Conservation, 122, 45-52.  

Gasc, J. P. , Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher,K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica, J. P.,Maurin, H., Oliveira, M. E., Sofianidou, T. S., Vaith, M., and Zuiderwijk, A. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica and Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.  

Griffiths, R.A. (1996). Newts and Salamanders of Europe. T. and A. D. Poyser, London.  

Kuzmin, S. L. (1995). Die Amphibien Russlands und angrenzender Gebiete. Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg.  

Kuzmin, S. L. (1999). The Amphibians of the Former Soviet Union. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow.  

Nikolsky, A. M (1936). Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries: Amphibians (English translation of Nikolsky, 1918, Faune de la Russie et des Pays limitrophes. Amphibiens. Académie Russe des Sciences, Petrograd, USSR). Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.  

Nikolsky, A. M. (1906). Herpetologia Rossica. Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, Série 8, Phys.-Math, Vol. 17, Sofia, Moscow.  

Nöllert, A. and Nöllert, C. (1992). Die Amphibien Europas. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH and Company, Stuttgart.  

Szczerbak, N. N. and Szczerban, M. I. (1980). Zemnovodnye i Presmykayushchiesya Ukrainskikh Karpat [Amphibians and Reptiles of Ukrainian Carpathians]. Naukova Dumka, Kiev.  

Terent'ev, P. V. and Chernov, S. A (1965). Key to Amphibians and Reptiles [of the USSR]. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.

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