View distribution map using BerkeleyMapper.

	Conservation Status (definitions)
IUCN (Red List) Status	Least Concern (LC) See threat category on the IUCN web site.
NatureServe Status	Use NatureServe Explorer to see status.
CITES	No CITES Listing
Other International Status	None
National Status	None
Regional Status	None

Description
A relatively large, elongate aquatic salamander. All members of the Family Sirenidae (sirens and dwarf sirens) lack hind limbs and eyelids, have a horny beak on the upper and lower jaws, and retain gills throughout life (Martof 1974a b; Petranka 1998). Sirens have four toes on the forelimbs and three gill slits. There is a dorsal fin, restricted to the tail. Adult Siren intermedia attain lengths of 18-69 cm, total length (Petranka 1998). The tail is 28 - 40% of the total length in adults (Martof 1973). Males have enlarged jaw (masseter) muscles which cause the head, posterior to the eyes, to appear swollen. Males are also slightly longer than females. Hatchlings have large, bushy gills and a dorsal fin on the tail which extends onto the trunk region of the body (Martof 1973; Petranka 1998).. Hatchlings are 11 - 11.5 mm total length and the tail is about 19 - 25% of the total length (Martof 1973; Godley 1983). Limb buds are present at hatching (Godley 1983).

The dorsal ground color of adults is variable, ranging from olive green to grayish blue or black. Brown or black spots can be seen scattered on the dorsum of lighter colored individuals. The venter is lighter than the back and white or yellowish flecks may occur on the sides (Martof 1973; Petranka 1998). Hatchlings and juveniles are more brightly colored than adults, having light stripes along the body and yellow or red banding on the head (Martof 1973; Petranka 1998). The bright colors and stripes fade and the dorsal fin on the back is lost as animals age (Petranka 1998).

Two or three subspecies are recognized and can be distinguished based on distribution (see below), size, and coloration. Siren i. intermedia, the eastern lesser siren, is a dark colored form, sometimes having tiny black spots on the dark brown or black dorsum. The venter is also dark, without spots or mottling, and lighter than the dorsum. Maximum length is about 38 cm, and the modal number of costal grooves is 32-33. Siren i. nettingi, the western lesser siren, is olive green to gray with tiny black spots on the dorsum. The venter is also dark with numerous light flecks. Maximum length is 50 cm, with a modal number of 35 costal grooves. Siren i. texana, the Rio Grande siren, is the largest subspecies, reaching 69 cm total length, and having a modal costal groove count of 37. The dorsum is gray to brownish gray with tiny black spots and the venter is light gray. Descriptions from Petranka (1998)

Distribution and Habitat

Country distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database: Mexico, United States

U.S. state distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia

View distribution map using BerkeleyMapper.

Siren intermedia occurs on the Atlantic Coast Plain from Virginia to Florida and west to southern Texas and north eastern Mexico. The range also extends northward in the Mississippi Valley to Illinois, Indiana, and southwestern Michigan. Siren i. intermedia, the eastern lesser siren, ranges from central Alabama to sourtheastern Virginia. Siren i. nettingi, the western lesser siren, occurs from central Texas to Alabama, and northwards up the Mississippi Valley. Siren i. texana, the Rio Grande siren, occurs only in the lower Rio Grande Valley and adjacent areas of northern Mexico. Range information taken from Petranka (1998).Recent studies have suggesed that S. i. texana is not distinct from S. i. nettingi and that all populations from the western portion of the range should be treated as S. i. nettingi (Flores-Villela and Brandon 1992).

Lesser sirens are found in a diversity of permanent and semi-permanent aquatic habitats including swamps, marshes, ditches, canals, sloughs, farm ponds, temporary pools in floodplains, and shallow heavily vegetated ponds with deep sediments into which they burrow. See Petranka, (1998) and references therein.

Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
Courship and mating have not been observed. Fertilization is presumed to be external (Martof 1974; Sever et al. 1996). Sirens are more active in the fall and winter (Raymond 1991), gravid females are found in late winter, and eggs are laid from late winter to early spring (January to March) (Gehlbach and Kennedy 1978; Raymond 1991). The precise timing of mating and egg deposition varies with locality (Raymond 1991). Females lay 151-362 eggs and have been found attending the developing eggs (Gehlbach and Kennedy 1978; Godley 1983). Nests have been found among the roots of water hyacinth, and grass (Spartina) (Godley 1983).

Biting of females by males apparently occurs during the mating season (Godley 1983; Fauth and Resetarits 1999), but bite marks have also been reported on males (Raymond 1991; Fauth and Resetarits 1999). This and the fact that biting also occurs outside of the mating season (on males and females) suggests that there is male-female and male-male aggression; females have not been found to bite other females (Fauth and Resetarits 1999).

When temporary water bodies dry, sirens burrow into soft mud and can aestivate for several months until the ponds fills again (Petranka 1998). Diet of sirens includes a variety of aquatic invertabrates both benthic and pelagic (Petranka 1998).Sirens are locally abundant and densities have been estimatied as 0.9-1.3 sirens/m²(Gehlbach and Kennedy 1978).Sirens are known to vocalize, and they emit barks, yelps, and clicks in intraspecific interactions and also when disturbed (Petranka and references therein 1998).

Trends and Threats
Continuing loss of wetlands is a threat to the habitat of lesser sirens (Petranka 1998).

Relation to Humans
Sirens are sometimes seen in the pet trade.

References
 

Fauth, J. E. and Resetarits, W. J., Jr. (1999). ''Biting in the salamander Siren intermedia intermedia: Courtship component or agonistic behavior?'' Journal of Herpetology, 33, 493-496.  

Flores-Villela, O., and Brandon, R.A. (1992). ''Siren lacertina (Amphibia: Caudata) in northeastern Mexico and southern Texas.'' Annals of Carnegie Museum, 61, 289-291.  

Gehlbach, F. R., and Kennedy, S. E. (1978). ''Population ecology of a highly productive aquatic salamander (Siren intermedia).'' Southwestern Naturalist, 23, 423-430.  

Godley, J. S. (1983). "Observations on the courtship, nests and young of Siren intermedia in southern Florida." American Midland Naturalist, 110, 215-219.  

Martof, B. S. (1973). ''Siren intermedia Le Conte. Lesser Siren.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 127.1-127.3.  

Martof, B. S. (1974). ''Siren Linnaeus. Sirens.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 152.1-152.2.  

Martof, B. S. (1974). ''Sirenidae. Sirens.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 151.1-151.2.  

Petranka, J. W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.  

Raymond, L. R. (1991). "Seasonal activity of Siren intermedia in northwestern Louisiana (Amphibia: Sirenidae)." Southwestern Naturalist, 36, 144-147.  

Sever, D. M., Rania, L. C. and Krenz, J. D. (1996). ''Reproduction of the salamander Siren intermedia Le Conte with especial reference to oviducal anatomy and mode of fertilization.'' Journal of Morphology, 227, 335-348.

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