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	Conservation Status (definitions)
IUCN (Red List) Status
CITES	No CITES Listing
Other International Status	None
National Status	None
Regional Status	None

Description
The Eichwald’s toad is very similar to Bufo verrucosissimus, but differs by a longer and more massive head, body proportions, skin texture, coloration, and numerous dark spots on the belly in males. In addition, B. eichwaldi has a head with an abrupt (not acutely rounded) snout tip, uniform dull brown dorsum, parotoid margin (contacting with tympanum) with black markings, and some larger rounded knobs on dorsum a little darker brown than the surface. The Eichwald’s toad differs from B. verrucosissimus by a markedly lower genome size (13.22 – 13.36 vs. 13.53 – 14.09 pg per diploid nucleus), seven peculiar protein loci, values of indices Lc/L (2.74 – 2.81 vs. 3.37 – 4.67) and Lc/Ltc (0.94 – 0.98 vs. 0.59 – 0.88). B. eichwaldi differs from B. bufo by five peculiar protein loci, and values of indices Lc/L (2.74 – 2.81 vs. 3.07 – 4.51) and Lc/Ltc (0.94 – 0.98 vs. 0.61 – 0.86).

Distribution and Habitat

Country distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database: Azerbaijan, Iran, Islamic Republic of

View distribution map using BerkeleyMapper.

In the south-eastern part of Azerbaijan, B. eichwaldi was recorded in Dzhalilabad (Akhsaglar settlement), Astara (Sim and Tangerud villages), Lerik (Azerbaycan village and Lerik settlement), and Lenkoran (Sara Island, Lenkoran Town, Kirovskiy sovkhoz, Lyach Forest, Girkansky Nature Reserve, Avrora settlement, and Dasdatuk village) districts. The Eichwald’s toad may inhabit the Talysh and Elburz mountains in the northern part of Iran. In Mazandaran and Gilan provinces three records are known: Shaferuz River, 20 km south-south-eastern of Sari, and 10 km western of Ramsar.

The Eichwald’s toad is associated mainly with the forest zone. It inhabits broad-lived forests from 0 to 1200 m above sea level. Sometimes, toads occur in gardens, tea plantations and lowland swamps.

Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
The biology of B. eichwaldi has been poorly studied. As with other toads, Eichwald's toad is active mainly in twilight. Spawning takes place in shallow broadenings of springs with relatively clear water. In the Lenkoran Lowland, tadpoles metamorphosed in mid May, whereas in the mountains, metamorphosis occurred in June – July. The length of postmetamorphosed toadlets was 12 – 13 mm.

In most habitats, this species is rare.

Trends and Threats
Destruction of forests by people results in population declines.

Relation to Humans
Currently, the species is greatly endangered because of extensive cutting of forests. For instance, in 1991, in a forest near Tangerud village, we observed numerous juveniles, however, in 2001, when the forest was cut, no toads were observed.

Possible reasons for amphibian decline

General habitat alteration and loss
Habitat modification from deforestation, or logging related activities

References
 

Alekperov, A. M. (1978). Zemnovodnye i Presmykayushchiesya Azerbaydzhana [Amphibians and Reptiles of Azerbaijan]. Elm, Baku.  

Baloutch, M. and Kami, H. G. (1995). Amphibians of Iran. Tehran University Publishers, Tehran.  

Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Skorinov, D. V., and Rosanov, J. M. (2008). ''A new species of common toads from the Talysh Mountains, south-eastern Caucasus: genome size, allozyme, and morphological evidences.'' Russian Journal of Herpetology, 15(1), 19-43.  

Litvinchuk, S. N., Rosanov, J. M., Borkin, L. J., and Skorinov, D. V. (2007). ''Molecular, biochemical and cytogenetic aspects of microevolution in anurans of Russia and adjacent countries.'' The Problems of Herpetology. Pushchino-na-Oke–St. Petersburg.  

Schmidtler, J.J. and Schmidtler, J.F. (1969). ''Über Bufo surdus; mit einem Schlussel und Anmerkungen zu den ubrigen Kroten Irans und West-Pakistans.'' Salamandra, 5, 113-123.  

Tuck, R. G. (1975). ''Bufo bufo (Common toad).'' Herpetological Review, 6, 115.  

Velieva, Z. D. (1975). Fauna and Ecology of Amphibia of Southeastern Azerbaijan. Author's Abstract of Candidate's Thesis. Izd. AzGPI, Baku.  

Velieva, Z. D. (1981). ''On new records and ecology of the common toad in Azerbaijan.'' The Problems of Herpetology. I. S. Darevsky, eds., Nauka, Leningrad.  

Zhordania, R. G. (1960). ''List of collections of amphibians of Zoological Department of S. N. Dzhanashia State Museum of Georgia AN GrSSR.'' Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeia Gruzii, 20-A, 159-179.

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