AmphibiaWeb - Craugastoridae
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  Craugastoridae

The family Craugastoridae consists of direct developing frogs, with a disjunct distribution; the genus Craugastor extends from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America and into northwestern South America, while the genus Haddadus is found in southeastern Brazil. The divergence is thought to have occurred between 31 and 59 million years ago, before the major Andean uplift. Members of this family range in size from 18 mm SVL in female Craugastor pygmaeus to 110 mm in female Craugastor pelorus. Characteristics of this family include (1) Finger I longer than Finger II, in most species; (2) direct development, with eggs deposited terrestrially or arboreally, often with some form of parental care (Savage 2002); (3) axillary amplexus; (4) unwebbed fingers; (5) lack of prominent external glands on the body; (6) digit tips expanded into pads having circummarginal grooves; (7) inner and outer metatarsal tubercles present; (8) tympanic membrane and annulus usually distinct (Hedges et al. 2008).


Craugastor laticeps
Photo by Julian C. Lee
(Click for details)

Osteological characters include: (1) cartilaginous sternum; (2) vertebral shield not present; (3) transverse processes of posterior presacral vertebrae not broadly expanded; (4) widely spaced cervical cotyles; (5) eight presacral vertebrae, with Presacrals I and II not fused; (6) omosternum present; (7) sacral diapophyses rounded or barely dilated; (8) maxillary arch usually dentate, with blunt, pedicellate teeth; (9) alary processes of premaxillae are broad at base, usually directed dorsally or posterodorsally; (10) palatal shelf of premaxilla usually broad, indented or not; (11) pars facialis of maxilla usually deep, not exostosed; (12) palatal shelf of maxilla moderately broad, may bear pterygoid process or not; (13) maxillary arch complete; maxillae taper posteriorly; quadratojugal slender; (14) nasals usually large with broad median contact; not usually in contact with maxillae or pterygoids; not in contact with frontoparietals; (15) frontoparietal fontanelle usually absent; (16) frontoparietals usually not exostosed; cranial crests present or not; (17) cranial elements not co-ossified with overlying skin; (18) frontoparietals fused with prootics or not; (19) temporal arcade absent; (20) carotid artery passing dorsal to cranial elements; (21) zygomatic ramus of squamosal broad to slender, usually not in contact with maxilla; (22) squamosal-maxilla angle 44–67°; (23) columella present; fenestra ovalis directed laterally; (24) broad neopalatines; (25) sphenethmoid entire; (26) anterior ramus of parasphenoid not keeled; (27) parasphenoid alae at right angle to axis of skull or deflected posteriorly, usually not overlapped by pterygoids; (28) pterygoid without ventral flange; (29) occipital condyles widely separated medially; (30) odontoids lacking; (31) T-shaped terminal phalanges; (32) three phalanges in Finger IV; (33) Toe I fully developed and free; (34) mandibular ramus of trigeminal nerve passing lateral to the m. adductor mandibulae (“S” condition) in Haddadus, passing medially (“E” condition) in Craugastor (Hedges et al. 2008).


Literature cited:
Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E., and Heinicke, M. P. (2008). New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737: 1-182.
Savage, J. (2002). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.

Genus Craugastor (112 species)
Craugastor adamastus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor alfredi no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor amniscola no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor anciano no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor andi no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor angelicus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor aphanus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor augusti species account no photos range maps no sounds
Craugastor aurilegulus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor azueroensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor batrachylus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor berkenbuschii no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor bocourti no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor bransfordii no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor brocchi species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor campbelli no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor catalinae no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor chac no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor charadra no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor chingopetaca no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor chrysozetetes species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor coffeus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor crassidigitus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor cruzi no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor cuaquero no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor cyanochthebius no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor daryi no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor decoratus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor emcelae no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor emleni no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor epochthidius no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor escoces no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor fecundus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor fitzingeri species account photos range maps no sounds
Craugastor fleischmanni no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor galacticorhinus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor glaucus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor gollmeri no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor greggi no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor guerreroensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor gulosus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor hobartsmithi no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor inachus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor jota no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor laevissimus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor laticeps no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor lauraster no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor lineatus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor loki no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor longirostris no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor matudai no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor megacephalus species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor megalotympanum no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor melanostictus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor merendonensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor mexicanus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor milesi species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor mimus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor monnichorum no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor myllomyllon no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor nefrens no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor noblei no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor obesus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor occidentalis no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor olanchano no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor omiltemanus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor omoaensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor opimus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor palenque no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor pechorum no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor pelorus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor persimilis no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor phasma no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor podiciferus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor polymniae no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor polyptychus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor pozo no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor psephosypharus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor punctariolus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor pygmaeus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor raniformis no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor ranoides no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor rayo no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor rhodopis no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor rhyacobatrachus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor rivulus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor rostralis no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor rugosus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor rugulosus species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor rupinius no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor sabrinus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor saltator no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor saltuarius no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor sandersoni no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor sartori no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor silvicola no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor spatulatus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor stadelmani no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor stejnegerianus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor stuarti no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor tabasarae no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor talamancae no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor tarahumaraensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor taurus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor taylori no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor trachydermus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor underwoodi no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor uno no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor vocalis no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor vulcani no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor xucanebi no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Craugastor yucatanensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds

Genus Haddadus (2 species)
Haddadus binotatus no species account photos no range maps no sounds
Haddadus plicifer no species account no photos no range maps no sounds


Citation: AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2010. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: 2010).

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