Craugastoridae
The family Craugastoridae consists of direct developing frogs, with a disjunct distribution; the genus Craugastor extends from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America and into northwestern South America, while the genus Haddadus is found in southeastern Brazil. The divergence is thought to have occurred between 31 and 59 million years ago, before the major Andean uplift. Members of this family range in size from 18 mm SVL in female Craugastor pygmaeus to 110 mm in female Craugastor pelorus. Characteristics of this family include (1) Finger I longer than Finger II, in most species; (2) direct development, with eggs deposited terrestrially or arboreally, often with some form of parental care (Savage 2002); (3) axillary amplexus; (4) unwebbed fingers; (5) lack of prominent external glands on the body; (6) digit tips expanded into pads having circummarginal grooves; (7) inner and outer metatarsal tubercles present; (8) tympanic membrane and annulus usually distinct (Hedges et al. 2008).
Craugastor laticeps
Photo by Julian C. Lee
(Click for details)Osteological characters include: (1) cartilaginous sternum; (2) vertebral shield not present; (3) transverse processes of posterior presacral vertebrae not broadly expanded; (4) widely spaced cervical cotyles; (5) eight presacral vertebrae, with Presacrals I and II not fused; (6) omosternum present; (7) sacral diapophyses rounded or barely dilated; (8) maxillary arch usually dentate, with blunt, pedicellate teeth; (9) alary processes of premaxillae are broad at base, usually directed dorsally or posterodorsally; (10) palatal shelf of premaxilla usually broad, indented or not; (11) pars facialis of maxilla usually deep, not exostosed; (12) palatal shelf of maxilla moderately broad, may bear pterygoid process or not; (13) maxillary arch complete; maxillae taper posteriorly; quadratojugal slender; (14) nasals usually large with broad median contact; not usually in contact with maxillae or pterygoids; not in contact with frontoparietals; (15) frontoparietal fontanelle usually absent; (16) frontoparietals usually not exostosed; cranial crests present or not; (17) cranial elements not co-ossified with overlying skin; (18) frontoparietals fused with prootics or not; (19) temporal arcade absent; (20) carotid artery passing dorsal to cranial elements; (21) zygomatic ramus of squamosal broad to slender, usually not in contact with maxilla; (22) squamosal-maxilla angle 44–67°; (23) columella present; fenestra ovalis directed laterally; (24) broad neopalatines; (25) sphenethmoid entire; (26) anterior ramus of parasphenoid not keeled; (27) parasphenoid alae at right angle to axis of skull or deflected posteriorly, usually not overlapped by pterygoids; (28) pterygoid without ventral flange; (29) occipital condyles widely separated medially; (30) odontoids lacking; (31) T-shaped terminal phalanges; (32) three phalanges in Finger IV; (33) Toe I fully developed and free; (34) mandibular ramus of trigeminal nerve passing lateral to the m. adductor mandibulae (“S” condition) in Haddadus, passing medially (“E” condition) in Craugastor (Hedges et al. 2008).
Literature cited:
Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E., and Heinicke, M. P. (2008). New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737: 1-182.
Savage, J. (2002). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Genus Craugastor (112 species)
Craugastor adamastus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor alfredi no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor amniscola no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor anciano no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor andi no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor angelicus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor aphanus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor augusti species account no photos range maps no sounds Craugastor aurilegulus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor azueroensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor batrachylus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor berkenbuschii no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor bocourti no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor bransfordii no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor brocchi species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor campbelli no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor catalinae no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor chac no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor charadra no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor chingopetaca no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor chrysozetetes species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor coffeus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor crassidigitus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor cruzi no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor cuaquero no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor cyanochthebius no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor daryi no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor decoratus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor emcelae no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor emleni no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor epochthidius no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor escoces no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor fecundus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor fitzingeri species account photos range maps no sounds Craugastor fleischmanni no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor galacticorhinus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor glaucus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor gollmeri no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor greggi no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor guerreroensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor gulosus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor hobartsmithi no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor inachus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor jota no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor laevissimus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor laticeps no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor lauraster no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor lineatus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor loki no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor longirostris no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor matudai no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor megacephalus species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor megalotympanum no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor melanostictus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor merendonensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor mexicanus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor milesi species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor mimus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor monnichorum no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor myllomyllon no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor nefrens no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor noblei no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor obesus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor occidentalis no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor olanchano no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor omiltemanus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor omoaensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor opimus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor palenque no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor pechorum no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor pelorus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor persimilis no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor phasma no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor podiciferus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor polymniae no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor polyptychus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor pozo no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor psephosypharus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor punctariolus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor pygmaeus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor raniformis no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor ranoides no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor rayo no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor rhodopis no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor rhyacobatrachus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor rivulus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor rostralis no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor rugosus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor rugulosus species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor rupinius no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor sabrinus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor saltator no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor saltuarius no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor sandersoni no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor sartori no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor silvicola no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor spatulatus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor stadelmani no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor stejnegerianus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor stuarti no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor tabasarae no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor talamancae no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor tarahumaraensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor taurus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor taylori no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor trachydermus no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor underwoodi no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor uno no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor vocalis no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor vulcani no species account no photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor xucanebi no species account photos no range maps no sounds Craugastor yucatanensis no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Genus Haddadus (2 species)
Haddadus binotatus no species account photos no range maps no sounds Haddadus plicifer no species account no photos no range maps no sounds
Citation: AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2010. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: 2010).
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